Originally written: 12/03/2018; Updated: 08/03/2024.
INTRODUCTION:
This paper/article was originally written in 2018, at the height of the pre-election sloganeering around restructuring.
The country was approaching the 2019 general elections, and as usual the contending factions and fractions of Nigeria’s ruling class were filling the airwaves with rancorous and rival clamours around the renegotiation of access to the levers of political power and the treasury, and thus leverage over the authoritative resource allocation role and function of the state.
Then, as it is now, six years down the line, the rancorous clamours for restructuring, so-called fiscal, and or true federalism, and state police, are again gaining momentum and traction in the context of inter class and intra class struggles characterising this moment of epic crisis in the country.
These calls have re-emerged and are gaining traction against the backdrop of the current compound crises of combined, political, security, and economic dimensions, among others.
Now, because of the intractable and seemingly unending nature of the crisis of insecurity, it has become once again fashionable to raise the banner of the urgency of having State police, and enabling subnational governments, in particular the State governments, to have Policing mandates, and run their own policing authorities, institutions and systems.
This is why it has become necessary to revisit the arguments and postulations in the 2018 article/paper, with some updates, where necessary. Below, therefore, is the updated/reproduced article and paper.
SETTING THE CONTEXT:
Whenever the question of restructuring and devolution of powers have been raised by the contending factions and fractions of Nigeria’s prodigal ruling class, one of the issues that have always been brought to the fore is that of the urgency of establishing State Police [by which it is meant having Police Services established by and under the control of state governments], alongside that of fiscal federalism [by which it is meant letting the state governments as a collective have the larger share of revenue accruing to the Federation account, compared to the Federal government].
And as always, these issues like the parent concepts of Restructuring and Devolution of powers are simply thrown and bandied around without content, without reflection, and I dare say without any sense of responsibility.
Just as we had challenged them to come up with programs of action on how to restructure Nigeria and achieve devolution of powers; we are equally duty bound now to once again throw up the challenge to ask them to provide content for how state police services might be established and administered, alongside what will now become the Federal Police. For as we have often repeated, abstract slogans cannot be negotiated, only concrete programs can be discussed, negotiated and implemented.
From a careful and critical analysis of the various responses given by different fractions of the ruling class to the challenge to provide concrete programs on restructuring; it is now very clear that no serious, deep and reflective thought has been given to the issue beyond sloganeering as a weapon to negotiate access to power once any fraction finds itself excluded from power. This is particularly so because, exclusion from political power, quite often translates into loss of access to the platform where the spoils of office are shared.
Let me make a clarification from the onset, I am not dismissing the need for restructuring or devolution of powers, I am only laying bare the hollowness of the proposals that are being made by the most strident proponents, while also exposing the insincerity of those making the calls.
I have written extensively previously on both the critical assessment of those proposals, as well as on my own understanding and proposals for restructuring.
However, let us get back to the currently trending issue of the need for state police, and the arguments for and against it.
Now against the backdrop of rising wave of spiralling insecurity across the country, with the unrelenting frequency and intensity of indiscriminate and targeted armed attacks on communities and citizens by Violent extremist groups, armed insurgent groups and armed separatist agitators; the intensification of the Herders/Farmers conflicts; the increasing frequency of kidnapping and abductions of school pupils, by both insurgents, pirates and a plethora of armed groups; and general worsening levels of crime; the calls for overhaul of the security architecture, and along with this, the call for State police have been gaining in stridency and urgency.
CONTENTIOUS ISSUES:
But what exactly does it mean to have state police established across the states, which are at present the constituent units of our federation? What will this process entail? What are the likely challenges? And how might these be mitigated and or prevented?
First, we need to distinguish between Policing and the Police as an institution.
Policing is a mandate given to an institution encompassing crime prevention and detection, as well as law enforcement and maintenance of public order. The institution established to undertake these functions in full is the Police Service; however, the Police service is not the only institution with policing functions. This is why it is stated clearly that the Police as the main policing institution, is mandated to lead internal security architecture, system and operations of a country. The Police is thus the lead agency in internal security.
So for instance, a single federally, or nationally controlled Police service undertake state policing and community policing strategic approaches to delivering on her mandate. Also, even where policing is devolved and decentralised and you have state and local police services existing alongside a Federal or national police, the Federal Police will still be required to adopt a state and local/community policing approach in partnership with the state police in order to be effective and efficient.
To have state police services established across the country will require a number of foundational things; including primarily the amendment of Chapter VI, Part III, B, Sections 214, 215, & 216 of the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria as amended. Which deals the establishment of the Nigeria Police as the only Police Force for the Federation of Nigeria. Consequent upon this amendment, there will then be the need to amend the Nigeria Police Act establishing the Nigeria Police; while each of the states of the federation through their state Houses of Assembly will then have to enact laws for the establishment of their own respective police services.Nevertheless, there will also have to be a negotiated constitutionally agreed basic principles and criteria for policing and establishing and running a police service. And it will only then be withing this agreed constitutional principles, parameters and criteria that the state legislatures can enact laws, and the state governments can establish their respective state police services. Furthermore, this state police establishment laws will be valid only to the extent of their compliance with the constitutional principles, parameters and criteria.
But even before state legislatures will be able to do this, Internal Security will also have to be moved from the Exclusive Legislative List of the Federation to the Concurrent list, to enable State Houses of Assembly [SHAs] to legislate on the establishment of their own respective police services.
This movement from exclusive to concurrent list will require the prior amendment of the Third Schedule, Parts I & II of the 1999 CFRN as amended.
Now these are the foundational things that are required, and any one serious about establishment of state police will have to develop a schedule and plan of action for a legislative agenda to make this happen.
There are however, other secondary, but equally very important issues that require to be addressed. Without ensuring the affirmation of universal citizenship by Residency as already provided for by the 1999CFRN as amended in Chapter Two, Section 15, subsection 3, b [which makes it obligatory for the state to protect residency rights of all Nigerians wherever they may be living in Nigeria];, as well as the provisions of Chapter Three of the same constitution on Citizenship; without the affirmation and guarantee of these constitutional rights of citizens; how might recruitment into a state police service be undertaken? On the basis of citizenship, including residency, or on the basis of that obnoxious intrusion into our polity and constitution, Indigeneship?
Will the criteria for applying to serve in these state police services be based on that particular state being your state of origin or your state of residence? And what other more or less minimum/basic uniform professional criteria will be required across the federation?
Because if we do not resolve this issue, any state police thus established will simply become subject to abuse, and will eventually become something of an ethnic police, or more accurately, an armed ethnic militia. And you can then imagine in states with contending numerous ethnic nationalities; with a few dominant and contending ethnic nationalities; or even in mono ethnic states where numerous contending subgroups of the same ethnic nationalities exist; what would become of the state police with such skewed criteria for recruitment.
The next issue deals with the question of mandate and delineation of area of jurisdiction. What will be the relationship between the state police services and the Federal Police?
Between two or more State police Services and the Federal Police; Or between the state police service of one state, and that of another state in cases where they are dealing with and investigating crimes across multiple jurisdictions and state borders; or even in cases where there are existingboundary disputes between adjoining states?
One implication of these is that what will amount to state and federal jurisdictions with respect to crimes will have to be very clearly spelt out. For instance, it may require that distinctions be made between Federal and state crimes; with federal crimes being crimes designated by Federal laws, over which the Federal authorities can legislate; while state crimes will be crimes designated by state laws over which state authorities have legislative powers.
Furthermore, it does mean that the distinctions between the Federal and State High courts will have to become clearer, with the Federal Police prosecuting Federal crimes at the Federal High Court, while the state police prosecute state crimes at the state high court.
Another inherent implication is that the prisons and correctional system will also have to be reformed. Will the state police prosecuting state crimes, through state courts, have a state court upon conviction sentence a criminal to serve their prison terms in the Federal prisons system? Wouldn’t it be logical for states to then also have the constitutional mandate and authority to establish and manage their own prisons and correctional facilities systems in place? Thus,prisons and correctional facilities and systems will also have to listed on the concurrent legislative, and not remail on the exclusive legislative list, as well.
There is also a third inherent implication which is around the question of coordination and synergy – vertical as well as horizontal – between and among the different levels of policing across the country. There will almost always certainly be a need for the Federal police to collaborate and coordinate with the state police even where because of jurisdiction they have the lead. This is because even Federal crimes committed within the borders of Nigeria will most likely be committed within state territories, hence the need to have some sort of coordination and synergy between federal and state police.
There will also be instances where state police services from different jurisdictions will have to collaborate and coordinate, particularly where crimes have been committed across more than one state police jurisdiction, or where a suspect has escaped the jurisdiction where a crime was committed to another jurisdiction. And some of these instances will also include the necessity to involve and coordinate with the federal policing authorities as well.
So evidently there will be a huge potential challenge with delineation of mandate and jurisdictions, as well as with the consequent necessity for coordination, collaboration and synergy.
The fourth inherent implication, will be how to safeguard against abuse of the state police by the state governors and or state legislatures, as well as abuse by the state police itself on citizens and residents of the states. There will have to at least three levels of strategic oversight of the police; A professional service commission; an independent complaints and sanctions commission; Legislative oversight commission; and an independent citizen’s oversight commission.
This is why we have always insisted that restructuring is a package of integrated reforms [structural, institutional, legislative/legal, policy, and investment in nature and character] that needs to be undertaken together. You can neither cherry pick, nor be hollow about the demands, and or the process.
IN CONCLUSION:
To conclude, the question of establishing state police services require constitutional and legislative reforms; as well as a comprehensive reform of the entire justice system, from law enforcement, to the judiciary and adjudication, through to the prisons, corrections and custodial sub-sectors.
And this fundamental comprehensive reform package will not only require a new fiscal arrangement, a new assertion and protection of universal citizenship, a strong commitment to enforcement and protection of Human Rights, but also the necessity to have both legislative and judicial autonomies at state level guaranteed, as a means to ensure robust oversight and discourage abuse.
Overall, we cannot address the question of fundamental security sector reform without addressing the question of citizens control and citizen oversight of the security sector and the various actors and stakeholders within this sector.
Measures and mechanisms will have to be put in place to ensure that there are independent institutional oversight structures that can undertake independent investigation of complaints of abuse of authority by the police services as well as by the political authorities in their control of the police services.
Additionally, citizen oversight and complaints structures will have to be established as part of the new internal security architecture.
In this sense, the comprehensive reform of governance in general, that will lead to the establishment of democratic self-government institutions at community levels will enable communities to have oversight functions, and enable community security vigilance groups to become formalised and integrated with the formal policing processes and mechanisms of the State and Federal police services. This act will give fillip to community policing as the methodological approach to policing by both federal and state policing authorities and services.
The foregoing again further reinforces the point we have made earlier that restructuring, and in this instance the restructuring of policing and internal security architecture is a package of integrated reforms, that in our case can only be very radical, and will represent a fundamentally new approach to internal security and policing processes in Nigeria.
Without this level of deep understanding, and thus a consequent deep level of seriousness in approaching the matter, we would merely by laying the foundations for greater crisis that will be much more detrimental to and undermining of national cohesion and stability, than any of the current challenges we are facing.
In a country as large, geographically and population wise as Nigeria, and one that is as diverse as we are, effective and efficient policing can only be undertaken from a devolved and decentralised strategic perspective and orientation.
©️JAYE GASKIA IS CO-CONVENER OF CAMPAIGN FOR TRANSFORMATIVE GOVERNANCE [CFTG]; FOUNDING MEMBER AND INAUGURAL CHAIR OF THE PARTNERSHIP AGAINST VIOLENT EXTREMISM [PAVE NETWORK] IN NIGERIA; AND DIRECTOR OF PRAXIS ACADEMY.
[NB: When this article/paper was first written in 2018, Jaye Gaskia was an Aspirant for the Office of the President Of The Federal Republic Of Nigeria towards the 2019 General Elections.]
